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Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
  • Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning
  • Abstract & Contents
    • Abstract
  • 1. Introduction
    • 1. INTRODUCTION
      • 1.1 The Industrial Revolution, Cognition, and Computers
      • 1.2 Deep Multi-Agent Reinforcement-Learning
      • 1.3 Overall Structure
  • 2. Background
    • 2. BACKGROUND
      • 2.1 Reinforcement Learning
      • 2.2 Multi-Agent Settings
      • 2.3 Centralized vs Decentralized Control
      • 2.4 Cooperative, Zero-sum, and General-Sum
      • 2.5 Partial Observability
      • 2.6 Centralized Training, Decentralized Execution
      • 2.7 Value Functions
      • 2.8 Nash Equilibria
      • 2.9 Deep Learning for MARL
      • 2.10 Q-Learning and DQN
      • 2.11 Reinforce and Actor-Critic
  • I Learning to Collaborate
    • 3. Counterfactual Multi-Agent Policy Gradients
      • 3.1 Introduction
      • 3.2 Related Work
      • 3.3 Multi-Agent StarCraft Micromanagement
      • 3.4 Methods
        • 3.4.1 Independent Actor-Critic
        • 3.4.2 Counterfactual Multi-Agent Policy Gradients
        • 3.4.2.1 baseline lemma
        • 3.4.2.2 COMA Algorithm
      • 3.5 Results
      • 3.6 Conclusions & Future Work
    • 4 Multi-Agent Common Knowledge Reinforcement Learning
      • 4.1 Introduction
      • 4.2 Related Work
      • 4.3 Dec-POMDP and Features
      • 4.4 Common Knowledge
      • 4.5 Multi-Agent Common Knowledge Reinforcement Learning
      • 4.6 Pairwise MACKRL
      • 4.7 Experiments and Results
      • 4.8 Conclusion & Future Work
    • 5 Stabilizing Experience Replay
      • 5.1 Introduction
      • 5.2 Related Work
      • 5.3 Methods
        • 5.3.1 Multi-Agent Importance Sampling
        • 5.3.2 Multi-Agent Fingerprints
      • 5.4 Experiments
        • 5.4.1 Architecture
      • 5.5 Results
        • 5.5.1 Importance Sampling
        • 5.5.2 Fingerprints
        • 5.5.3 Informative Trajectories
      • 5.6 Conclusion & Future Work
  • II Learning to Communicate
    • 6. Learning to Communicate with Deep Multi-Agent ReinforcementLearning
      • 6.1 Introduction
      • 6.2 Related Work
      • 6.3 Setting
      • 6.4 Methods
        • 6.4.1 Reinforced Inter-Agent Learning
        • 6.4.2 Differentiable Inter-Agent Learning
      • 6.5 DIAL Details
      • 6.6 Experiments
        • 6.6.1 Model Architecture
        • 6.6.2 Switch Riddle
        • 6.6.3 MNIST Games
        • 6.6.4 Effect of Channel Noise
      • 6.7 Conclusion & Future Work
    • 7. Bayesian Action Decoder
      • 7.1 Introduction
      • 7.2 Setting
      • 7.3 Method
        • 7.3.1 Public belief
        • 7.3.2 Public Belief MDP
        • 7.3.3 Sampling Deterministic Partial Policies
        • 7.3.4 Factorized Belief Updates
        • 7.3.5 Self-Consistent Beliefs
      • 7.4 Experiments and Results
        • 7.4.1 Matrix Game
        • 7.4.2 Hanabi
        • 7.4.3 Observations and Actions
        • 7.4.4 Beliefs in Hanabi
        • 7.4.5 Architecture Details for Baselines and Method
        • 7.4.6 Hyperparamters
        • 7.4.7 Results on Hanabi
      • 7.5 Related Work
        • 7.5.1 Learning to Communicate
        • 7.5.2 Research on Hanabi
        • 7.5.3 Belief State Methods
      • 7.6 Conclusion & Future Work
  • III Learning to Reciprocate
    • 8. Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness
      • 8.1 Introduction
      • 8.2 Related Work
      • 8.3 Methods
        • 8.3.1 Naive Learner
        • 8.3.2 Learning with Opponent Learning Awareness
        • 8.3.3. Learning via Policy gradient
        • 8.3.4 LOLA with Opponent modeling
        • 8.3.5 Higher-Order LOLA
      • 8.4 Experimental Setup
        • 8.4.1 Iterated Games
        • 8.4.2 Coin Game
        • 8.4.3 Training Details
      • 8.5 Results
        • 8.5.1 Iterated Games
        • 8.5.2 Coin Game
        • 8.5.3 Exploitability of LOLA
      • 8.6 Conclusion & Future Work
    • 9. DiCE: The Infinitely Differentiable Monte Carlo Estimator
      • 9.1 Introduction
      • 9.2 Background
        • 9.2.1 Stochastic Computation Graphs
        • 9.2.2 Surrogate Losses
      • 9.3 Higher Order Gradients
        • 9.3.1 Higher Order Gradient Estimators
        • 9.3.2 Higher Order Surrogate Losses
        • 9.3.3. Simple Failing Example
      • 9.4 Correct Gradient Estimators with DiCE
        • 9.4.1 Implement of DiCE
        • 9.4.2 Casuality
        • 9.4.3 First Order Variance Reduction
        • 9.4.4 Hessian-Vector Product
      • 9.5 Case Studies
        • 9.5.1 Empirical Verification
        • 9.5.2 DiCE For multi-agent RL
      • 9.6 Related Work
      • 9.7 Conclusion & Future Work
  • Reference
    • Reference
  • After
    • ๋ณด์ถฉ
    • ์—ญ์ž ํ›„๊ธฐ
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  1. III Learning to Reciprocate
  2. 8. Learning with Opponent-Learning Awareness
  3. 8.4 Experimental Setup

8.4.2 Coin Game

Previous8.4.1 Iterated GamesNext8.4.3 Training Details

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๋‹ค์Œ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด, ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ๊ณผ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ agent๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, coin์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ์ฝ”์ธ์€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ํ˜น์€ ํŒŒ๋ž€์ƒ‰ ๋‘˜ ๋‹ค ๋‚˜์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” agent๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋žœ๋คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์„ฑ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. agent๋Š” ์ฝ”์ธ์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฝ”์ธ์„ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ‰์˜ ์ฝ”์ธ์ด๋“  1์ ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ๋˜๊ณ , ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ฝ”์ธ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ‰์ด๋ฉด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ agent๋Š” 2์ ์„ ์žƒ๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋“  agent๊ฐ€ ์ฝ”์ธ์„ ๋งˆ๊ตฌ ๋จน์œผ๋ ค ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ํ‰๊ท ์œผ๋กœ 0์ ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. agent๋“ค์€ recurrent network๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ์–ด๋–ค agent๋„ ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ future discounted reward๋ฅผ function ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ์–ป์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. policy gradient-based learning์„ NL๊ณผ LOLA๋‘˜๋‹ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉํ–ˆ๊ณ , 8.3.4์— ๋‚˜์˜จ opponent modeling์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ LOLA๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.